Child hood obesity is a serious medical condition and a global problem. It refers to a child’s weight exceeding the healthy weight for their height and age. Over time, children are exposed to the risk of medical problems that can affect their future health.

The Reasons:

There are several reasons why children suffer from obesity, and the most important of these is energy imbalance during childhood and adolescence. Excess fat accumulates when total energy intake exceeds total energy expenditure. This is usually due to a sedentary lifestyle and insufficient physical activity. However, the reasons why children suffer from excessive obesity are as follows:

1.Unhealthy Diet: Poor dietary choices, such as consuming high-calorie, low-nutrient foods like fast food, sugary drinks, and snacks, can contribute to obesity. Mitigation strategies include:

• Promoting a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
• Limiting the consumption of sugary beverages and high-fat, high-sugar foods.
• Encouraging family meals and teaching children about portion sizes and mindful eating.

2.Sedentary Lifestyle: Sedentary behaviors, such as excessive screen time (TV, video games, smartphones) and a lack of physical activity, can lead to weight gain. Mitigation strategies include:

• Encouraging regular physical activity, such as at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise each day.
• Limiting screen time to a reasonable amount, promoting outdoor play, and engaging in family activities that involve movement.
• Supporting participation in sports, dance, or other physical activities that interest the child.

3.Lack of Sleep: Inadequate sleep or poor sleep quality can disrupt appetite-regulating hormones, leading to increased hunger and a higher risk of obesity. Mitigation strategies include:

• Promoting consistent and sufficient sleep duration appropriate for the child’s age (generally 9-12 hours for school-age children).
• Establishing a regular sleep schedule and creating a calming bedtime routine.
• Limiting exposure to stimulating activities (electronic devices, caffeinated beverages) before bedtime.

4.Genetics and Family History:

Genetics can contribute to a child’s susceptibility to obesity. While this factor is beyond individual control, promoting a healthy lifestyle can still mitigate its effects.

• Emphasize the importance of regular physical activity and a balanced diet, even for individuals with a genetic predisposition.
• Seek support from healthcare professionals who can provide guidance tailored to the child’s specific needs.

5.Environmental Factors: The environment in which a child lives can significantly impact their eating and physical activity habits. Mitigation strategies include:

• Advocating for healthier food options in schools, such as nutritious school meals and vending machine regulations.
• Creating safe and accessible opportunities for physical activity in communities, like parks, sidewalks, and bike lanes.
• Promoting education and awareness about healthy lifestyles within families, schools, and communities.

6.Socioeconomic Factors: Children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds may face challenges accessing healthy food options and safe play spaces. Mitigation strategies include:

• Implementing policies that address food insecurity and provide affordable access to nutritious foods.
• Collaborating with community organizations to establish programs that promote physical activity and healthy living in underserved areas.
• Enhancing nutrition education initiatives to empower families with knowledge and skills to make healthier choices within their means.

7.Medications: Stimulants, some antidepressants, and others.

8.Medical conditions: Hormonal conditions (such as hypothyroidism and growth hormone deficiency), Turner syndrome, and Down syndrome.

It’s essential to approach child obesity from a holistic perspective, involving families, schools, healthcare providers, communities, and policymakers. By addressing multiple factors simultaneously and promoting healthy behaviors, we can mitigate child obesity and support the well-being of children.

Risk factors:

• Diet (such as choosing foods high in fats and sugars instead of healthy options).
• Lack of physical activity.
• Prolonged use of electronic devices and video games.
• The dietary pattern of families with overweight issues.
• Some rare genetic disorders.

Complications:

Some of the long-term complications of obesity affecting children include:

• High blood pressure.
• Abnormal blood lipid levels.
• Metabolic syndrome (a condition of insulin resistance associated with high blood pressure, elevated triglyceride levels, and obesity).
• Type 2 diabetes.
• Sleep apnea (a recurring disorder of interrupted breathing during sleep).
• Psychological disorders (such as anxiety and depression).
• Knee, thigh, and hip pain (often associated with a condition called slipped capital femoral epiphysis).
• Menstrual disorders.
• Gallstones.

The Treatment:

Following dietary instructions, which include:

• Changing the child’s eating behavior.
• Habituating the child to healthy eating habits.
• Avoiding using food as a reward or punishment.
• Avoiding sweetened beverages and carbonated drinks.
• Reducing the consumption of high-fat and high-calorie fast food.
• Avoiding eating meals in front of the TV or electronic screens, as it is associated with consuming larger amounts of food quickly.
• Encouraging and rewarding the child for adhering to healthy habits.
• Avoiding constant criticism of the child and instead providing encouragement.
• Regulating the child’s meals according to a schedule.
• If the child enjoys sweets, learning homemade methods to make them with lower fat and calorie content.
• Ensuring the child engages in at least 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity daily (such as playing football or swimming), and motivating and encouraging them to do so.

The Prevention:

1.Assisting the child in maintaining a healthy weight.
2.Regular visits to the doctor to monitor weight and ensure proper growth indicators according to age.
3.Balancing calorie intake by consuming foods that provide adequate nutrition, with an appropriate number of calories (obtained from food and beverages) that are used during physical activity and natural growth.
4.Continuing to follow healthy behaviors and a healthy lifestyle pattern by all family members is necessary for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity or weight gain during growth stages.
5.Seeking ways to make favorite dishes healthier and reducing calorie-rich foods.
6.Encouraging the child to adopt healthy eating habits by providing plenty of vegetables, fruits, and whole grain products.
7.Providing appropriate portion sizes for the child.
8.Encouraging the child to drink plenty of water.
9.Limiting consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
10.Reducing consumption of sugar and saturated fats.
11.Assisting children in engaging in physical activity and avoiding sedentary behaviors.